The Corporate Immigration Review: Indonesia

Introduction to the immigration framework

Immigration matters in Indonesia are overseen by the Directorate General of Immigration (DGI), which is under the auspices of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Indonesian immigration laws and regulations recognise four types of visas that allow the entry of foreigners into Indonesia, namely diplomatic visas, service visas, visit visas and limited stay visas. These visas serve as the basis for foreigners to obtain stay permits once they have entered Indonesia. There are five types of stay permits recognised under Indonesian immigration laws and regulations, namely diplomatic stay permits, service stay permits, visit stay permits, limited stay permits and permanent stay permits. Different types of visas and stay permits allow different types of activities.

i Legislation and policy

Immigration matters in Indonesia are governed under various laws, regulations and circular letters issued by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights or the DGI, or both. For the employment of foreign workers, the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) is the government institution authorised to issue work permits for employers to employ foreigners in Indonesia, and the visa process for these foreign workers commences once the work permit application is submitted to the MOM. Especially after the integration of the MOM’s and DGI’s online systems in 2018, the process of obtaining a work visa (a limited stay visa for working purposes) has become more efficient and straightforward.

Below are the main laws and regulations valid as at the time of writing, setting forth rules for immigration and foreign workers in Indonesia:

Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2022 regarding Job Creation (the Job Creation Law);
Law No. 6 of 2011 dated 5 May 2011 regarding Immigration, as amended by the Job Creation Law (the Immigration Law);
Law No. 13 of 2003 dated 25 March 2003 regarding Manpower, as amended by the Job Creation Law (the Labour Law);
Government Regulation No. 34 of 2021 dated 2 February 2021 regarding the Utilization of Foreign Workers (GR 34/2021);
Government Regulation No. 31 of 2013 dated 16 April 2013 regarding Implementing Regulation for the Immigration Law (GR 31/2013), as last amended by Government Regulation No. 48 of 2021 dated 2 February 2021 regarding the Third Amendment to GR No. 31 of 2013 regarding the Implementing Regulation of the Immigration Law (GR 48/2021) (GR 31/2013 and its amendments are collectively referred to as GR 31/2013 as amended);
Minister of Law and Human Rights (MOLHR) Regulation No. 34 of 2021 dated 15 September 2021 regarding the Granting of Visas and Stay Permits During the Period of Handling the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 and National Economic Recovery (MOLHR Reg. 34/2021);
MOM Regulation No. 8 of 2021 dated 1 April 2021 regarding the Implementing Regulation of Government Regulation No. 34 of 2021 regarding the Utilization of Foreign Workers (MOM Reg. 8/2021);
MOLHR Regulation No. 29 of 2021 dated 24 August 2021 regarding Visas and Stay Permits;
MOLHR Regulation No. 16 of 2018 dated 27 July 2018 regarding Procedures for the Issuance of Visas and Stay Permits for Foreign Workers;
MOLHR Decree No. M.HH-3.GR.01.01 of 2022 dated 28 April 2022 regarding the Types of Activities for Foreigners in the Framework of the Granting of Visas During the Period of Handling the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 and National Economic Recovery (MOLHR Decree M.HH-3.GR.01.01);
MOM Decree No. 228 of 2019 dated 27 August 2019 regarding Positions Allowed to be Occupied by Foreign Workers (MOM Decree 228/2019);
MOM Decree No. 349 of 2019 dated 31 December 2019 regarding Positions Prohibited to Be Occupied by Foreign Workers (MOM Decree 349/2019);
MOM Circular Letter No. M/4/HK.04/IX/2022 dated 30 September 2022 regarding Foreign Manpower Utilization Plan Ratification Service for the Accelerated Recovery of the National Economy (CL 4/2022);
Director General of Immigration Circular Letter No. IMI-0072.GR.01.01 of 2023 dated 25 February 2023 regarding the Revocation of Circular Letter No. IMI-0783.GR.01.01 of 2022 regarding the Immigration Policy on the Service of Multiple-Entry Visit Visa for Business Purposes in Batam and Bintan during the Covid-19 Pandemic (CL 0072/2023);
Director General of Immigration Circular Letter No. IMI-0708.GR.01.01 of 2022 dated 30 September 2022 regarding Immigration Policy on Visa-On-Arrival and Visit Visa Exemption to Support Sustainable Tourism during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pandemic (CL 00708/2022); and
Director General of Immigration Guidelines No. IMI-0709.GR.01.01 of 2022 dated 23 September 2022 regarding Immigration Policy through the Service of E-Visa and the Fast and Easy Issuance of Visas by the Embassy of Indonesia to Support the Development of Foreign Investment and Tourism Visits into the Country (the Immigration Guidelines).
ii The immigration authorities

As mentioned above, the DGI, led by the Director General of Immigration, is responsible for overseeing immigration matters in Indonesia.

The DGI has a duty to carry out the formulation and implementation of policies in the field of immigration in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations. In carrying out this duty, the DGI formulates, implements, provides technical guidance on, supervises, monitors, evaluates and reports policies relating to the enforcement of immigration law and security, immigration services and facilities, border crossing and foreign immigration cooperation, and immigration information technology. The DGI also implements the administration of the DGI and performs other functions assigned by the MOLHR.

The DGI’s organisational structure consists of the following:

Secretariat of the Directorate General;
Directorate of Immigration Traffic;
Directorate of Immigration Stay Permit;
Directorate of Immigration Intelligence;
Directorate of Immigration Control and Enforcement;
Directorate of Immigration Cooperation; and
Directorate of Immigration Information Systems and Technology.
There are immigration offices in regencies, municipalities and districts across Indonesia to implement immigration functions. Officers assigned to such immigration offices must already have completed a special immigration education course and possess technical immigration expertise and have the authority to carry out duties and responsibilities pursuant to the Immigration Law. Certain immigration officers and immigration civil servant investigators are also authorised by law to carry out criminal investigations relating to immigration.

iii Exemptions and favoured industries

There are 169 countries whose nationals are, in normal times, eligible for a visit visa exemption when entering Indonesia. However, as a result of the covid-19 pandemic and as set forth in MOLHR Regulation 34/2021, the granting of this exemption is suspended until the pandemic is declared by the government to be over. As at the time of writing, the government of Indonesia has not revoked the status of covid-19 as a pandemic.

Regardless, covid-19 restrictions are being relaxed and new immigration regulations are being enacted to gradually ease access to the border. The government has eased the complete ban on visit visa exemptions and has now made visit visa exemptions available for nationals of nine exhaustively listed countries (i.e., the other nine member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)) entering Indonesia from one of 15 airports, 91 harbours or 12 transborder posts, as set forth in CL 00708/2022.

The government also has relaxed new work permit applications. Previously, new work permit applications were permitted only for:

activities relating to national strategic projects and strategic or national vital objects based on a recommendation or special permit from the relevant ministry or institution (i.e., the Coordinating Ministry of Maritime and Investment Affairs); or
specific and urgent reasons based on the recommendation of the relevant ministry or institution (i.e., the Ministry of Investment or Investment Coordinating Body).
These restrictions were revoked through the enactment of CL 4/2022, and new work permit applications are no longer limited to applications meeting the above conditions.

International treaty obligations

On 15 August 2002, Indonesia joined the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Business Travel Card scheme, which was introduced on 1 May 2004. APEC is an organisation of Asia-Pacific countries established in Canberra, Australia in November 1989 with the aim of building and strengthening economic cooperation among member states. The APEC Business Travel Card scheme aims to simplify entrance into participating countries (including Indonesia) by utilising the ‘apply once, information used for multiple purposes’ approach. Further details on this scheme can be found on the APEC website.2

The year in review

The main framework for immigration law remains unchanged from 2021, with the principal provisions found in the Immigration Law and GR 31/2013 as amended.

The most significant changes to immigration rules are contained in the latest amendment of GR 31/2013, namely GR 48/2021, which was introduced in 2021 as part of the government’s goal to make Indonesia more investment-friendly through the enactment of the Job Creation Law. The changes introduced by GR 48/2021 are outlined below.

i Change in validity of limited stay permit

One of the biggest changes introduced by GR 48/2021 is the legally permissible length of a foreigner’s limited stay permit (ITAS). Previously, an ITAS was granted for a maximum period of two years and could be extended for maximum two-year periods up to an aggregate stay of six years in Indonesia, after which the foreigner was required to process a new ITAS.

GR 48/2021 provides that an ITAS is valid for a maximum of five years and can be extended under the condition that the aggregate stay of the foreigner in Indonesia does not exceed 10 years. GR 48/2021 also further clarifies that an ITAS for work purposes that is valid for no more than 90 days can be extended under the condition that the aggregate stay of the foreigner in Indonesia does not exceed 180 days.

ii Change in validity period of visit stay permits

Simplification is a big theme of GR 48/2021, with the regulation revising provisions of older regulations to be more straightforward and easier to comprehend. For example, in the case of a visit stay permit issued based on entry to Indonesia under a single-entry visit visa, GR 48/2021 provides that such a visit stay permit is valid for a maximum period of 180 days and is non-extendable. The validity period used to be 60 days and it was extendable inland four times up to an aggregate stay of six months.

Meanwhile, visit stay permits issued based on entry under a multiple-entry visit visa are granted for a maximum period of 180 days and are extendable up to an aggregate stay of no more than 12 months in Indonesia.

Another big change is the validity period of stay permits issued based on entry under a visit visa on arrival, which used to be 30 days and extendable for another 30 days. Under GR 48/2021, the maximum validity period of this stay permit is no more than 30 days, and it is no longer possible to be extended.

iii Introduction of the second home category

GR 48/2021 introduces a new category to Indonesian immigration rules whereby foreigners can now obtain a limited stay visa (VITAS) for non-work purposes for the purpose of having Indonesia as a second home. Foreigners must have settled in Indonesia for five to 10 years and fulfil certain requirements to qualify for this new visa category. This second home category replaces the category for elderly tourists, who were eligible for a non-work VITAS in previous regulations. GR 48/2021 provides that a non-work VITAS already issued for elderly tourists shall remain applicable as a non-work VITAS for foreigners in the second home category.

iv Additional requirements to obtain a VITAS

GR 48/2021 adds two requirements for a VITAS application, namely (1) a statement letter of good standing from the relevant authorities or the embassy or consulate of the foreigner’s country of origin and (2) a health examination letter stating that the foreigner is free from any contagious disease that could endanger public health.

v Pre-investment and requirements for obtaining a visit visa

GR 48/2021 adds a new eligibility category for both single- and multiple-entry visit visas (i.e., pre-investment activities). These are activities in conjunction with starting a business, such as activities relating to field surveys and feasibility studies. In relation to the required guarantee letter from a guarantor for a visit visa application, if a foreigner does not have a guarantor, then the guarantee letter can be replaced with a proof of payment of an immigration guarantee, as discussed below.

vi Immigration guarantee

GR 48/2021 requires certain foreigners in Indonesia to have a guarantor responsible for the presence and activities of said foreigners during their stay in Indonesia and for reporting any change in the civil status, immigration status or address of such foreigners. This guarantor requirement does not apply to foreigners legally married to Indonesians, foreign investors or citizens of countries that reciprocally waive guarantee requirements.

Foreign investors, second home foreigners and foreigners engaged in pre-investment activities may make an official payment to a DGI bank account that will be treated as an immigration guarantee payment that replaces the guarantor requirement. This payment will be used, if necessary, to cover the cost of repatriation or deportation, overstay or any other outstanding immigration costs that must be paid by the relevant foreigner. If the immigration guarantee is not used to pay immigration obligations, the full amount of the payment shall be returned to the foreigners once their stay permit expires.

vii Conversion of stay permits

Another significant change introduced by GR 48/2021 is the possibility for foreigners themselves to apply to the relevant head of immigration office or appointed immigration official for the conversion of a visit stay permit to an ITAS, or an ITAS to a permanent stay permit (ITAP). Previously, only guarantors could submit these applications.

The covid-19 pandemic has forced countries around the world, including Indonesia, to reconsider their international travel policies. Based on the latest policy as at the time of writing, foreigners cannot travel to Indonesia from abroad (either direct travel or in transit) unless they fulfil certain criteria, such as complying with the provisions of MOLHR Regulation 34/2021, having qualified for the travel corridor arrangement scheme or having obtained a special consideration or permit in writing from the relevant Indonesian ministry or institution.

MOLHR Regulation 34/2021 provides that foreigners with a valid visa or stay permit may enter Indonesia after fulfilling the required health protocols regulated by the relevant health authority. Foreign nationals can apply for all types of visas and stay permits, with the exception of the visit visa exemption as mentioned above and a visa on arrival (VOA), which are still suspended until the pandemic is declared over by authorities. In addition, although not explicitly stated, it appears that multiple-entry visit visas are also not yet open for applications.

However, immigration restrictions are now being progressively eased. There is a new exemption for VOA and visit visa applications. By virtue of CL 00708/2022, the nationals of 86 countries are now eligible to apply for a VOA and the nationals of nine countries (ASEAN member states) are eligible to apply for a visit visa exemption. Both the VOA and visit visa exemption are for tourism purposes only.

The VOA is granted at 15 airports (in Batam, Cirebon, Padang, Jayapura, Balikpapan, Aceh, Pekanbaru, Mataram, Jakarta, Bali, North Sumatra, East Java, South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi and Yogyakarta), 35 harbours and seven transborder posts or cross-border checkpoints (in two immigration offices in West Kalimantan, one immigration office in North Kalimantan, three immigration offices in East Nusa Tenggara and one immigration office in Papua).

Additionally, applications can now be submitted for multiple-entry visit visas by virtue of CL 0072/2023.

The following are the permitted activities under a visit visa based on MOLHR Decree M.HH-3.GR.01.01:

tourism purposes;
social purposes (i.e., humanitarian reasons or assistance);

business purposes (i.e., attending business meetings or talks, conducting purchase of goods or conducting government duties in conjunction with meetings relating to the Indonesian Presidency of the G20 or the International Assembly of the 144th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union);
transit purposes (i.e., transiting or joining a vessel);
non-commercial sport purposes;
industrial purposes (i.e., performing emergency or urgent work or performance of probationary work by a foreign worker); and
journalistic purposes (i.e., journalism or film-making).
Meanwhile, based on MOLHR Decree M.HH-3.GR.01.01, a VITAS may be obtained for the following work and non-work activities to be performed in Indonesia:

work activities:
as an expert working on a vessel, rig or installation operating in Indonesian waters;
as an expert in the field of goods or production quality supervision;
as an expert in the field of inspection or audit;
as an expert in the field of after-sales service;
as an expert in repairing machines;
as an expert in performing construction-related temporary work;
as an expert in filming; and
a foreign job candidate performing probationary work; and
non-work activities:
conducting foreign investment (for one or two years);
participating in scientific training and research;
family reunification;
participating in education; and
repatriation.
viii Application requirements

To obtain approval for a visit visa and VITAS (visa telex), the guarantor of the foreigner in Indonesia must submit an application through the relevant online system.

For a visit visa, the guarantor must submit copies of the following supporting documents:

legal passport with a validity period of at least six months;
guarantee letter from a guarantor except for a tourist purpose visit;
proof that the foreigner has sufficient funds for themselves and their family while in Indonesia;
a return ticket or a ticket to continue their journey to another country;
a colour photo;
a location permit for filming in Indonesia for an application for a visit visa for filming purposes; and
a recommendation from relevant bodies for an application for a visit visa for journalistic purposes to cover international state or governmental activities.
For a VITAS, a guarantor must generally submit copies of the following supporting documents:

a guarantee letter from a guarantor;
a legal passport with a validity period of at least 12 months for foreigners with a maximum stay of six months, at least 18 months for foreigners with a maximum stay of one year) and at least 30 months for foreigners with a maximum stay of two years;
a statement of good behaviour from the relevant authority in the country of origin or from a representative of the country of origin;
a health certificate stating that the foreigner is free from publicly dangerous contagious diseases;
proof of having funds for themselves and their family while in Indonesia; and
a colour photo.
In addition to the above, for both the visit visa and VITAS, guarantors must also attach the following documents:

proof that the foreigner has obtained a complete dose of a covid-19 vaccine;
a statement letter of willingness to comply with all health protocols in Indonesia; and
evidence of health or travel insurance participation that encompasses medical coverage or a statement letter regarding the foreigner’s willingness and ability to pay for his or her own treatment if he or she becomes infected with covid-19 during his or her stay in Indonesia, or both.
Additionally, guarantors for visit visa applicants shall be in the form of a corporation. Specifically for visit visa for tourism purposes, the guarantor must be either a travel agent or a hotel.

Foreigners who hold a visit stay permit, ITAS or ITAP that can no longer be extended but are unable to return to their home countries can be granted a new stay permit after first obtaining a visa telex.

The visa telex for foreigners who currently reside in Indonesia as discussed above consists of a visit visa telex or a VITAS telex. To obtain a visa telex, the foreigner or guarantor must submit an application online and pay for the visa telex and visa fee. The applicant must also submit supporting documents for the visit visa and VITAS application as discussed in Section I, above. An additional document is required for new stay permit applications, namely proof of the last stay permit for visit stay permit applicants and proof of Exit Permit Only for ITAS or ITAP holders. Once issued, the visa telex will serve as an e-visa.

The visit visa telex will automatically serve as a visit stay permit, while the VITAS telex will become an ITAS when the foreigner has processed it at the relevant local immigration office.

The Immigration Guidelines provide that the application for a new stay permit must be submitted before the applicant’s stay permit expires. In the case of stay permits that have been expired for less than 60 days, the relevant foreigner must first settle the administrative fines imposed for overstaying before they can complete the process of obtaining a new visa and stay permit. Foreigners who (1) overstay for more than 60 days, (2) have been issued a deportation order or (3) have had their stay permit application rejected based on the laws and regulations will not be granted a new stay permit and are obliged to immediately leave Indonesia.

Foreigners who are now outside Indonesia whose visa telex or visa has expired are required to apply for a new visa before entering Indonesia.

Foreigners who fail to apply for or extend their stay permit while residing in Indonesia may be subject to overstay fines as regulated under the applicable laws and regulations.

Employer sponsorship

The Immigration Law and the Labour Law require foreigners to be employed by an Indonesian employer to legally work in Indonesia. It is the employer, and not the employee, that is required to obtain a work permit to allow its foreign worker to work legally in Indonesia. The employer must apply for the work and immigration permit through an online system called the TKA online system,3 which is managed by the Ministry of Manpower. Applications for visas that are not for work purposes can be submitted through the DGI’s online visa system.4

i Work permits

Any employer that employs foreign workers in Indonesia must obtain a proper work permit issued by the central government (the MOM). Previously, employers were required to obtain a work permit in the form of a foreign worker utilisation plan (RPTKA) and notification approved and issued by the MOM prior to employing foreign workers. Now, following the issuance of GR 34/2021, a notification is no longer required. It has been replaced by a procedure called the RPTKA appropriateness assessment (RPTKA assessment). During the RPTKA assessment, the MOM will determine within two business days upon receipt of complete application documents whether the submitted information and documents are sufficient.

Once the MOM issues the RPTKA assessment result, applicants are required to submit personal information and documents of the foreign workers. Pursuant to GR 34/2021 and MOM Regulation 8/2021, this personal information and documents will be verified by the MOM within no more than two business days.

Upon the verification and the payment of the DKP-TKA (the foreign worker utilisation compensation fund) by the employer of the foreign worker for each month that the foreign worker is expected to work in Indonesia in an amount of US$100 per month (paid in advance), the MOM will issue the RPTKA approval. Government institutions, international bodies and foreign state representatives are exempted from the requirement to undergo the RPTKA assessment.

After the issuance of the RPTKA approval, the TKA Online System will send the relevant data to the DGI for further processing of the VITAS for working purposes, which will grant entry of the foreign workers to Indonesia.

Based on MOM Regulation 8/2021, certain job positions are exempted from the obligation to obtain ratification of a work permit. These positions are:

members of the board of directors or board of commissioners with a certain share ownership in the company or shareholders in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations;
diplomatic or consular officials at a foreign state representative office; or
foreign employees that are required by the employer in connection with a production activity that has ceased as a result of emergency circumstances, vocational activities, a technology start-up, business visits or research for a set period of time.
ii Labour market regulation

Indonesia’s local workforce and job opportunities are mainly protected through limitations on positions that can be occupied by foreign workers. In 2019, the MOM issued Decrees Nos. 228 and 349, which list those positions that can be occupied by and those that are restricted for foreign workers in Indonesia. By virtue of these Decrees, the government prioritises Indonesian workers to fill positions that can be filled by local workers.

Further, prior to issuing a work permit, the MOM will carefully assess all the information and documents submitted by the Indonesian employer for the prospective foreign employee (e.g., a curriculum vitae, certifications and a job description) and determine whether the proposed employment is in line with the government’s goal to encourage investment growth while also taking into consideration the availability of Indonesian workers. Employers in Indonesia are required to submit a minimum of one report (e.g., an annual report) to the MOM on their employment of foreign workers. The report covers the implementation of foreign workers’ employment, the education and training of Indonesian co-workers, and knowledge and technology transfer from the foreign workers to their Indonesian co-workers. Employers must also submit a report to the MOM when completing or terminating the employment relationship with their foreign workers. The template of the report is provided in the Attachment of MOM Regulation 8/2021.

iii Rights and duties of sponsored employees

Regardless of whether they are working, all foreigners in Indonesia have the obligation to provide any information requested by the DGI relating to their identity, and they must also report any change of civil status, citizenship, job, guarantor or change of address to the local immigration office. All foreigners in Indonesia must also hand over their passport or stay permit if requested by a DGI official for immigration supervision purposes. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the imposition of criminal sanctions. The Immigration Law sets forth other provisions that must be followed by foreigners in Indonesia to avoid criminal sanctions.

From an employment perspective, the regulations on the employment of foreign workers focus more on the obligations of the employers or sponsoring entities that employ foreigners in Indonesia. Some of the rights of the foreign employees can be inferred based on the employers’ obligations stated in the regulations. For example, employers are obligated to facilitate Indonesian language education and training for every foreign worker they employ. Therefore, it can be concluded that every foreign worker has the right to be provided with Indonesian language education and training while working in Indonesia. Further, employers are required to register their foreign workers with – and therefore foreign workers have the right to be covered by – a national insurance programme, BPJS, if they work in Indonesia for more than six months, and with private insurance that includes occupational accident benefits if working in Indonesia for less than six months. Employers are also required to appoint and implement education and work training for Indonesian co-workers (TKA), and foreign workers are expected to implement a transfer of knowledge and technology to the Indonesian co-workers.

Investors, skilled migrants and entrepreneurs

From an immigration perspective, the latest regulations provide the possibility of entering Indonesia for pre-investment purposes without having a sponsor, as discussed in Section III.

From a foreign employment perspective, in principle, all foreigners working in Indonesia must have a sponsor, and the sponsor must obtain a work permit to allow the foreigners to work in Indonesia. There are certain foreigners whose employment is exempted from the obligation to obtain a work permit, including directors and commissioners who are also shareholders who meet a certain ownership threshold, regular shareholders, diplomatic and consular workers in the embassy of a foreign country, foreign workers needed in cases where a production activity is suspended as a result of an emergency situation, and foreign workers for vocational activities, technology-based start-ups, business visits and research for a particular time period.

Outlook and conclusions

While the covid-19 pandemic status remains in place, the government of Indonesia is gradually enacting relaxation measures, including in the immigration and work permit sectors. Although some immigration restrictions remain in place (e.g., the restrictions on the implementation of multiple-entry visit visas), it is likely that policies on international travel and the employment of foreigners in Indonesia will continue to change and shift along with developments in the handling of the pandemic. The applicability of new regulations post the Job Creation Law, which promise greater ease for investors and foreign workers in Indonesia, while still adhering to health and safety protocols, indicates that the government is working towards national economic recovery following the abatement of covid-19.

Footnotes

1 Stephen Igor Warokka is a partner and Yan Diaz M Siregar is an associate at SSEK Law Firm.

2 https://www.apec.org/groups/committee-on-trade-and-investment/business-m….

3 https://tka-online.kemnaker.go.id/.

4 https://visa-online.imigrasi.go.id/.

Originally published for The Law Reviews

By SSEK, Indonesia, a Transatlantic Law International Affiliated Firm.

For further information or for any assistance please contact indonesia@transatlanticlaw.com

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